Spatial Navigation

real navigation only partially understood
compared to low-level perception, JNDs
3D vs. 2D: we don't fly, we walk!

spatial memory / environmental cognition
city: landmark/path/whole
[The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, MIT Press 1960]

synthetic vs. real displays
even perception not always the same!

                      [Overestimation of heights in virtual reality is influenced more by perceived 
                       distal size than by the 2-D versus 3-D dimensionality of the display. 
                       Dixon and Proffitt. Perception, 31, 103-112, 2002]



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